HSC 205: Human Physiology I (Introduction, Membrane transport, Musculoskeletal, respiratory) 6 Credits ( Lecture Hours:40- Tutorial Hours: 10- Practical Hours:10)
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Objective: To
acquaint the students with the fundamental physiology of the body. Students
should think of disease in terms of disturbed function.
Content:
Introduction: Definition of physiology, Concept of the internal environment, Volumes of body fluid compartments, Indicator-dilution principle, Ionic composition of extracellular fluids (plasma, interstitial fluid) Electroneutrality in solutions, Ionic composition of intracellular fluid (skeletal muscle cells), Definition of homeostasis, Distinction between steady state and equilibrium, Negative feedback control system, Positive feedback, Feed forward control
Membrane transport: Structure of the plasma membrane; Mechanisms of solute transport ( Phagocytosis and endocytosis, Exocytosis, Simple diffusion, Fick’s law of diffusion, Facilitated diffusion via carrier proteins, Diffusion through ion channels, Voltage-gated channels, Ligand (or chemically)-gated ion channels, Active transport (Primary active transport: Na+/K+-ATPase, Ca2+-ATPase, H+-ATPase, H+/K+-ATPase; Secondary active transport Movements of solutes and water across epithelial cell layers: Osmosis, van’t Hoff equation, Osmotic pressure, Tonicity); Aquaporins; Cell volume regulation.
Muscle Physiology: Classification of muscles, Skeletal muscle structure: Membrane systems in a skeletal muscle fiber, Electrophysiology of skeletal muscle: Contractile activation (excitation-contraction coupling) and relaxation in skeletal muscles, Contraction mechanism and force generation, Mechanics of skeletal muscle contraction: Muscle twitch, Isometric and isotonic tension, Temporal and spatial summation: Tetanus, Definition of motor unit, Recruitment of motor units; General structure of smooth muscle cells; Sources of calcium in different types of muscle; Calcium regulation of smooth muscle contraction, Comparison between resting membrane potentials, action potential shapes and durations, ionic basis of action potential, latency in activation of contraction, and rate of tension development in skeletal, cardiac and smooth muscles; Mechanics of smooth muscle contraction, Force-velocity curve Stress relaxation, Control of rhythm in unitary smooth muscle, Slow waves.Body Fluids: Distribution and composition of extracellular,intracellular, intestinal and transcellular
-Starling hypothesis of capillary fluid exchange, Osmoregulation, Oedema, lymphoeclema
-Biophysical principals of haemastasis; blood; lymph
-Maintenance of body fluid volume and composition
Metabolism: Basal metabolic rate and its clinical significance; physical effort, methods of assessing basal metabolic rate and its evaluation. Endocrine and metabolic response to stress, injury, infection. Biochemical/Enzyme induction (Glycogenolysis, Gluconeogenesis, lipolysis). - Metabolic consequences: fever, Protein metabolism, Mineral and water conservation.